El Helalyaالمؤسسة
تاريخ التسجيل : 08/08/2008
 |  موضوع: اخر صيحات العصر فى المضدات الحيويه السبت 5 يونيو 2010 - 18:01 | |
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Doxycycline
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(2-(amino-hydroxy-methylidene)-4-dimethylamino
-5,10,11,12a-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-
4a,5,5a,6-tetrahydro-4H-tetracene-1,3,12-trione
Identifiers
CAS number 564-25-0
ATC code J01AA02 A01AB22
PubChem 11256
DrugBank
APRD00597
Chemical data
Formula C22H24N2O8
Mol. mass
444.435 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 100%
Metabolism
hepatic
Half life 18-22 hours
Excretion urine, feces
Therapeutic
considerations
Pregnancy cat. D(US)
Legal status POM(UK)
℞-only(US)
Routes oral, periodontal, iv, im
Doxycycline (INN)
(pronounced /ˌdɒksɪˈsaɪkliːn/) is a member of the
tetracycline
antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety
of
infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and
clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer Inc. and marketed
under
the brand name Vibramycin. Vibramycin received FDA approval in
1967,
becoming Pfizer's first once-a-day broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Other
brand names include Monodox, Periostat, Vibra-Tabs, Doryx, Vibrox,
Adoxa, Doxyhexal and Atridox (topical doxycycline hyclate for
Periodontitis).
*******s
[hide]
1 Indicated uses
2 Cautions and side effects
3
Experimental applications
4 References
5 External links
[edit]
Indicated uses
Main article: tetracycline antibiotics
Further
information: oxytetracycline
As well as the general indications for
all members of the tetracycline
antibiotics group, Doxycycline is
frequently used to treat chronic
prostatitis, sinusitis, syphilis,
chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory
disease,[1][2] acne and
rosacea.[3][4] In addition it is used in the
treatment and
prophylaxis of Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and in
prophylaxis
against malaria. It should not be used alone for initial
treatment
of malaria, even when the parasite is doxycyline-sensitive,
because
the antimalarial effect of doxycyline is delayed. This delay is
related
to its mechanism of action. Its mechanism of action against
malaria
is to specifically impair in the progeny the apicoplast genes
resulting
in their abnormal cell division.[5]
It is also effective against
Yersinia pestis (the infectious agent of
bubonic plague) and is
prescribed for the treatment of Lyme
disease,[6][7][8],
ehrlichiosis[9][10] and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
In fact,
because doxycycline is one of the few medications that are
effective
in treating Rocky Mountain spotted fever (with the next best
alternative
being chloramphenicol), doxycycline is indicated even in use
in
children for this illness. Otherwise, doxycycline is not indicated
in
the use in children under the age of 8 years. Doxycycline, like other
antibiotics, will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections.
Elephantiasis
is a disease caused by a nematode (worm) Wuchereria
bancrofti. It
causes swollen limbs and genitals (Filariasis) and affects
over 120
million people in the world. Previous anti-nematode treatments
have
been limited by poor levels of effectiveness, drug side effects
and
high costs. Doxycycline was shown in 2003 to kill the symbiotic
Wolbachia
bacteria upon which the nematodes are dependent.[11] Field
trials
in 2005 showed that Doxycycline almost completely eliminates
blood-borne
filaria when given for an 8 week course.[12][13]
When
bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the
drug,
doxycycline may be used to treat:
Escherichia coli
Enterobacter
aerogenes (formerly Aerobacter aerogenes)
Lyme Disease
folliculitis
Acne
Shigella species
Acinetobacter species (formerly Mima species
and Herellea species)
Respiratory tract infections caused by
Haemophilus influenzae
Respiratory tract and urinary tract
infections caused by Klebsiella
species
Upper respiratory
infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
(formerly Diplococcus
pneumoniae)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
infections
Generic 100 mg doxycycline capsules
[edit]
Cautions and side effects
Cautions and side effects are similar to
other members of the
tetracycline antibiotic group. However the 10%
risk of photosensitivity
skin reactions is of particular importance
for those intending long-term
use for malaria prophylaxis. Reports
of GERD have been cited with the
use of Doxycycline.
Unlike
some other members of the tetracycline group, it may be used in
those
with renal impairment.
Previously, it was believed that
Doxycycline impairs the effectiveness
of many types of hormonal
contraception due to CYP450 induction. Recent
research has shown no
significant loss of effectiveness in oral
contraceptives while using
most tetracycline antibiotic (including
Doxycycline), although many
physicians still recommend the use of
barrier contraception for
people taking the drug to prevent unwanted
pregnancy.[14][15][16]
It
should be taken with a full glass of water and patients should be
upright
for at least 30 minutes after administration to prevent
irritation
of the esophagus and stomach. Also, there is a slim risk of
liver
damage during prolonged use of the drug.[17]
Doxycycline is not
approved for use in children under the age of 8
years. It can cause
permanent yellowing or graying of the teeth and can
affect a child's
growth. Specific exceptions are made for potentially
fatal
illnesses where the benefits outweigh the risks and there are few
or
no other alternatives, such as with Rocky Mountain spotted fever and
anthrax.
It should also not be used in pregnant and nursing women, as
the
drug can cause damage to a fetus and nursing child.
[edit]
Experimental applications
At subantimicrobial doses, doxycycline is
an inhibitor of matrix
metalloproteinases, and has been used in
various experimental systems
for this purpose; such as for
recalcitrant recurrent corneal
erosions.[18] Doxycycline has been
used successfully in the treatment of
one patient with
lymphangioleiomyomatosis, an otherwise progressive and
fatal
disease.[19] Doxycyline has also been shown to attenuate cardiac
hypertrophy
(in mice), a deadly consequence of prolonged
hypertension.[20]
Doxycycline
is also used in "Tet-on" and "Tet-off" tetracycline
controlled
transcriptional activation to regulate transgene expression
in
organisms and cell cultures.
Other experimental applications
include:
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)[21]
Infected
animal bite wounds (Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella
pneumotropica)[22]
Rheumatoid arthritis[23][24] and reactive arthritis.
Chronic
inflammatory lung diseases (panbronchiolitis, asthma, cystic
fibrosis,
bronchitis)[25][26]
Sarcoidosis[27][28]
Prevention of aortic
aneurysm in people with Marfan Syndrome.
Multiple sclerosis[29]
Meibomian
Gland Dysfunction
 الموضوع : اخر صيحات العصر فى المضدات الحيويه المصدر :منتديات تقى الإسلامية الكاتب: El Helalya |
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الجنه تنادينيالاشراف العام
تاريخ التسجيل : 16/05/2010
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واسلاماهالمراقبة العامة
تاريخ التسجيل : 23/06/2009
| | موضوع: رد: اخر صيحات العصر فى المضدات الحيويه الجمعة 8 يوليو 2011 - 20:18 | |
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