هذه بعض المصطلحات العلمية
والتي غالباً ما تمر
على الصيدلي سواءً كان طالباً او ممارساً للمهنة و
اسفل كل مصطلح شرح
مبسط له .....


اترككم لتستفيدوا ......وسأذكر في نهاية الموضوع
المرجع بإذن الله ....

Abiotic
Degradation

Breakdown of a chemical by processes other than
living
organisms, such as photodegradation and chemical reactions (e.g.
hydrolysis).


Absorbed Dose
The
amount of a substance that actually enters into
the body, usually
expressed as milligrams of substance per kilogram of
body weight
(mg/kg).

Absorption
The process whereby a substance moves from
outside
the body into the body.

Acceptable
Daily Intake (ADI)
The amount of a
chemical to which a person can
be exposed each day over a long
period of time (usually lifetime)
without suffering harmful effects.


Acetylcholine

An
important chemical in the body having
physiological functions,
including the neurotransmission of electrical
impulses across
synapses of nerve endings.

Acetylcholinesterase

An enzyme present in nervous tissue, muscle, and red
blood cells that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline
and
acetic acid.

ACGIH
American
Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists. It is
professional society for industrial hygienists that
recommends
safety and health guidelines.

Active
Transport
The movement of a
substance across a membrane
requiring energy.

Acute Dose
The amount of a substance
administered or received
over a very short period of time (minutes
or hours), usually within 24
hours.

Acute
Effect

An
effect that occurs almost
immediately (hours/days) after a single or
brief exposure to a toxic
agent. Generally, acute effects will be
evident within 14 days.

ADI
see Acceptable Daily
Intake

Adsorption
The
process of attracting and holding a substance to
a surface. For
example, a substance may adsorb onto a soil particle.

Adverse Reactions to Drug Report

A
report which is voluntarily submitted by physicians to the FDA after a
drug
has been approved and in use.

Aerosols

Aerosols are airborne particulates.
They may be
solids or liquid droplets.

Allergy
An immune
hypersensitivity reaction of body tissues
to allergens that can
affect the skin (urticaria), respiratory tract
(asthma),
gastrointestinal tract (vomiting and nausea) or produce a
systemic
circulatory response (anaphylactic response).

Alveoli
The air sacs at the ends
of the tracheo-bronchial
tree in which gases are exchanged between
inhaled air and the pulmonary
capillary blood.

Ambient environment
The
surrounding environment. This can refer to
ambient air, ambient
water, or ambient soil.

Ames Test
A test for mutagenesis using the bacterium,
Salmonella
typhimurium.

Anemia
A condition in which there is reduced or
impaired
red blood cells or hemoglobin resulting in an inadequate
capacity
of the blood to transport oxygen to body tissues.

Aneuploidy
Any deviation from an
exact multiple of the haploid
number of chromosomes. This may
involve missing or extra chromosomes or
parts of chromosomes.

Anoxia
An insufficient
(below normal) supply of oxygen
in the body tissues.

Antagonism
An
interaction between two chemicals in which
one decreases the
expected toxic effect of the other.

Antibody

An antibody is a protein molecule (immunoglobulin
with
a unique amino acid sequence) that only interacts with a specific
or
closely related foreign substances (antigen). The antibody is induced
(a response of the immune system) as a result of prior exposure to the
antigen.


Anticholinergic Effects
Neurological
effects resulting from the blockage of
acetylcholine which
transmits impulses across nerve junctions.

Antidote
A remedy for
counteracting a poison.

Asphyxiant

A
relatively
non-toxic gas that in high concentrations in the air results
in
insufficient oxygen which can cause hypoxia.

ATSDR
Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease
Registry. It is a federal agency responsible
for emergency response to
chemical spills and assessment of health
effects of hazardous
waste sites.

Autoimmunity

An immune response that recognizes
the
constituents of the body's own cells as foreign
and thus induces hypersensitivity to its
own tissues.

Average Daily Intake

The
amount of a chemical to which a person consumes over a period of a day.
It is determined by multiplying typical concentration of the chemical
in
drinking water, air, and food by
an average daily intake factor
such as 2 liters of water per day.



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