| | مصطلحات مهمة للصيدلي وشرح مبسط لها ..... | |
| El Helalyaالمؤسسة
تاريخ التسجيل : 08/08/2008
| موضوع: مصطلحات مهمة للصيدلي وشرح مبسط لها ..... السبت 5 يونيو 2010 - 16:18 | |
| هذه بعض المصطلحات العلمية والتي غالباً ما تمر على الصيدلي سواءً كان طالباً او ممارساً للمهنة و اسفل كل مصطلح شرح مبسط له ..... اترككم لتستفيدوا ......وسأذكر في نهاية الموضوع المرجع بإذن الله .... A
Abiotic Degradation Breakdown of a chemical by processes other than living organisms, such as photodegradation and chemical reactions (e.g. hydrolysis).
Absorbed Dose The amount of a substance that actually enters into the body, usually expressed as milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg).
Absorption The process whereby a substance moves from outside the body into the body.
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) The amount of a chemical to which a person can be exposed each day over a long period of time (usually lifetime) without suffering harmful effects.
Acetylcholine
An important chemical in the body having physiological functions, including the neurotransmission of electrical impulses across synapses of nerve endings.
Acetylcholinesterase An enzyme present in nervous tissue, muscle, and red blood cells that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetic acid.
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. It is professional society for industrial hygienists that recommends safety and health guidelines.
Active Transport The movement of a substance across a membrane requiring energy.
Acute Dose The amount of a substance administered or received over a very short period of time (minutes or hours), usually within 24 hours.
Acute Effect
An effect that occurs almost immediately (hours/days) after a single or brief exposure to a toxic agent. Generally, acute effects will be evident within 14 days.
ADI see Acceptable Daily Intake
Adsorption The process of attracting and holding a substance to a surface. For example, a substance may adsorb onto a soil particle.
Adverse Reactions to Drug Report
A report which is voluntarily submitted by physicians to the FDA after a drug has been approved and in use.
Aerosols Aerosols are airborne particulates. They may be solids or liquid droplets.
Allergy An immune hypersensitivity reaction of body tissues to allergens that can affect the skin (urticaria), respiratory tract (asthma), gastrointestinal tract (vomiting and nausea) or produce a systemic circulatory response (anaphylactic response).
Alveoli The air sacs at the ends of the tracheo-bronchial tree in which gases are exchanged between inhaled air and the pulmonary capillary blood.
Ambient environment The surrounding environment. This can refer to ambient air, ambient water, or ambient soil.
Ames Test A test for mutagenesis using the bacterium, Salmonella typhimurium.
Anemia A condition in which there is reduced or impaired red blood cells or hemoglobin resulting in an inadequate capacity of the blood to transport oxygen to body tissues.
Aneuploidy Any deviation from an exact multiple of the haploid number of chromosomes. This may involve missing or extra chromosomes or parts of chromosomes.
Anoxia An insufficient (below normal) supply of oxygen in the body tissues.
Antagonism An interaction between two chemicals in which one decreases the expected toxic effect of the other.
Antibody An antibody is a protein molecule (immunoglobulin with a unique amino acid sequence) that only interacts with a specific or closely related foreign substances (antigen). The antibody is induced (a response of the immune system) as a result of prior exposure to the antigen.
Anticholinergic Effects Neurological effects resulting from the blockage of acetylcholine which transmits impulses across nerve junctions.
Antidote A remedy for counteracting a poison.
Asphyxiant
A relatively non-toxic gas that in high concentrations in the air results in insufficient oxygen which can cause hypoxia.
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. It is a federal agency responsible for emergency response to chemical spills and assessment of health effects of hazardous waste sites.
Autoimmunity An immune response that recognizes the constituents of the body's own cells as foreign and thus induces hypersensitivity to its own tissues.
Average Daily Intake
The amount of a chemical to which a person consumes over a period of a day. It is determined by multiplying typical concentration of the chemical in drinking water, air, and food by an average daily intake factor such as 2 liters of water per day.
يتبع ...
الموضوع : مصطلحات مهمة للصيدلي وشرح مبسط لها ..... المصدر :منتديات تقى الإسلامية الكاتب: El Helalya |
| | | El Helalyaالمؤسسة
تاريخ التسجيل : 08/08/2008
| موضوع: رد: مصطلحات مهمة للصيدلي وشرح مبسط لها ..... السبت 5 يونيو 2010 - 16:20 | |
| B
Benign tumor A tumor that grows only at the site of origin; and does not invade adjacent tissues or metastasize. It is generally treatable.
Bias Systematic error that may be introduced in sampling by selecting or encouraging one outcome over another.
Bioaccumulation The build-up of a substance in a biological organism such that the level in the organism is greater than in environmental source of the substance. same as Bioconcentration.
Bioactivation The metabolic process whereby a parent substance is chemically changed to a daughter substance with enhanced biological activity.
Bioassay A laboratory study used to determine the ability of a substance to produce a particular biological effect.
Bioavailability The physical and/or biological state of a substance rendering it capable of being absorbed into the body.
Bioconcentration see Bioaccumulation
Biodegradation Breakdown of a chemical into smaller less complex molecules by microorganisms in environmental media (e.g., soil, water, sediment).
Biological Half-Life The time required to eliminate one-half the quantity of a substance from the body.
Biomarker Indicators of events occurring in biologic systems due to a xenobiotic. The types of indicators are exposure, effects, or susceptibility.
Biotransformation Conversion of a chemical from one form to another by a biological organism.
Body Burden The concentration of a substance which has accumulated in the body.
Bone Marrow The tissue within the internal open space of bones (e.g., shaft of long bones) in which the blood-forming elements exist.
Bronchioles The very small branches of the tracheo-bronchial tree of the respiratory tract which terminate in the alveoli.
يتبع الموضوع : مصطلحات مهمة للصيدلي وشرح مبسط لها ..... المصدر :منتديات تقى الإسلامية الكاتب: El Helalya |
| | | El Helalyaالمؤسسة
تاريخ التسجيل : 08/08/2008
| موضوع: رد: مصطلحات مهمة للصيدلي وشرح مبسط لها ..... السبت 5 يونيو 2010 - 16:21 | |
| C
Cancer An uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, creating a tumor that can invade surrounding tissues and may spread (metastasis) to distant organs.
Cancer Slope Factor A key risk assessment parameter derived by the EPA. It is an estimate of the probability that an individual will develop cancer if exposed to a specified amount of chemical (mg/kg) every day for a lifetime.
Carcinogen A compound which is capable of causing cancer.
Carcinogenic The ability of a substance to cause cancer.
Carcinogenicity The complex process whereby normal body cells are transformed to cancer cells.
Case-Control Study A type of epidemiology study to investigate the cause of the toxicity. It compares the exposure histories of humans who have a particular toxic effect with that of normal individuals.
Ceiling Level The maximum allowable concentration of a chemical in the workplace for a specific period of time (usually 15 minutes).
Cell Transformation The change of a cell from one form to another. The term is generally used to denote the change from normal to malignant.
Cholinergic Effect Neurological effects resulting from the transmission by acetylcholine of impulses across synaptic junctions between nerves.
Cholestasis A liver condition in which excretion of bile salts via the bile duct is inhibited resulting in bile salts backing up into liver cells.
Chromatography An analytic method to separate and identify the components of a complex mixture by the differential movement through a two-phase system. The movement is effected by a flow of a liquid or a gas (mobile) phase, based on the physicochemical principles of adsorption, partition, ion exchange, exclusion, or a combination of these principles.
Chromosome One of a group of structures that form in the nucleus of a cell during cell division. Chromosomes, bearing the DNA, carry the genetic code for the organism.
Chromosome Aberration Changes in chromosome structure.
Chronic Dose Substance administered or received gradually over a long period of time (months to years).
Chronic Effect An effect that either shows up a long time after an exposure (the latency period) or an effect that results from a long term (chronic) exposure.
Cirrhosis A chronic condition of the liver in which liver cells are replaced by fibrous cells.
CNS The central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
Cohort Study An epidemiology study in which a cohort (group) of individuals with exposure to a chemical and a cohort without exposure are followed over time to compare disease occurrence.
Conjugation A metabolic process in which chemical groups are attached to foreign substances in the body, usually making the conjugated chemical more water soluble and easier to eliminate from the body.
Control Group A group of animals or humans in a study that are treated the same as the exposed groups but without receiving the specific exposure.
Cornea The transparent front surface of the eye.
Corrosion Direct chemical action that results in irreversible damage at the site of contact. It is manifested by ulceration, necrosis, and scar formation.
Covalent Bond The joining together of atoms that results from sharing electrons.
CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission. It is a federal agency responsible for protecting the public from toxins and other hazards present in consumer products.
Cross-Sectional Study A type of epidemiology study that tests for the prevalence of a disease or clinical parameter among one or more exposed groups (e.g., the prevalence of respiratory conditions among furniture makers).
يتبع... الموضوع : مصطلحات مهمة للصيدلي وشرح مبسط لها ..... المصدر :منتديات تقى الإسلامية الكاتب: El Helalya |
| | | El Helalyaالمؤسسة
تاريخ التسجيل : 08/08/2008
| موضوع: رد: مصطلحات مهمة للصيدلي وشرح مبسط لها ..... السبت 5 يونيو 2010 - 16:21 | |
| D
Decigram 1/100th of a gram.
Demyelination The loss of the myelin sheath (insulation) around a nerve.
Dermal Sensitization Test An assay for immune hypersensitivity of the skin.
Dermal Toxicity Toxicity of the skin which can range from mild irritation to corrosivity, hypersensitivity, and skin cancer. It can result from direct contact or internal distribution of the xenobiotic to the skin.
Detoxification A metabolic process whereby a parent substance is changed to a daughter product (metabolite) that has lessened toxicity.
Disposition The term used to describe the kinetics of a substance in the body. It encompasses absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a chemical.
Distribution Movement of a substance from the site of entry to other parts of the body.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid. The very large molecules in the nucleus of the cell, that carry the genetic information.
Dominant Lethal Assay Test A mutagenicity test that can detect heritable dominant lethal mutations present in the sperm as the result of exposure to a substance.
Dosage The determination of quantity of a substance received that incorporates the size, frequency, and duration of doses (e.g., 10 mg every 8 hours for 5 days).
Dose The amount of a substance received at one time. Dose is usually expressed as administered or absorbed dose (e.g., milligrams material/kilogram of body weight).
Dose-Response Assessment The relation between dose levels and associated effects.
Dose-Response Curve A graphical representation of the quantitative relationship between doses of a substance and specific biological effects.
DOT Department of Transportation. A federal agency responsible for the safe shipment of toxic chemicals and other hazardous materials.
Draize Test The test for eye irritation in which the test substance is placed on the eyes of white rabbits and observed for 72 hours.
Drug Idiosyncrasy An abnormal susceptibility or sensitivity to a drug.
Drug Tolerance The unusual ability to endure, without effect, a quantity of a drug that would normally produce biological activity.
الموضوع : مصطلحات مهمة للصيدلي وشرح مبسط لها ..... المصدر :منتديات تقى الإسلامية الكاتب: El Helalya |
| | | El Helalyaالمؤسسة
تاريخ التسجيل : 08/08/2008
| موضوع: رد: مصطلحات مهمة للصيدلي وشرح مبسط لها ..... السبت 5 يونيو 2010 - 16:22 | |
|
F
F0 Generation The initial parent generation in a multi-generation reproduction study.
F1 Generation The first filial generation (offspring) in a multi-generation reproduction study. It is produced by breeding individuals of the F0 generation.
F2 Generation The second filial generation (offspring) in a multi-generation reproduction study. It is produced by breeding individuals of the F1 generation.
FDA Food And Drug Administration. A federal agency responsible for the safety evaluation of drugs, cosmetics, food additives, and medical devices.
Femtogram (fg) An extremely minute quantity, 1x10-15 gram.
Fetus The unborn offspring in the postembryonic period, after major structures have been outlined. In humans this occurs from 8-9 weeks after conception until birth.
Fibrosis The formation of scar tissue in an organ, generally by replacement of functional organ cells by non-functional fibrous tissue.
FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. A federal law, administered by the EPA, to evaluate and register pesticides الموضوع : مصطلحات مهمة للصيدلي وشرح مبسط لها ..... المصدر :منتديات تقى الإسلامية الكاتب: El Helalya |
| | | الجنه تنادينيالاشراف العام
تاريخ التسجيل : 16/05/2010
| | | | واسلاماهالمراقبة العامة
تاريخ التسجيل : 23/06/2009
| موضوع: رد: مصطلحات مهمة للصيدلي وشرح مبسط لها ..... الجمعة 8 يوليو 2011 - 20:38 | |
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| | | | مصطلحات مهمة للصيدلي وشرح مبسط لها ..... | |
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